![]() ![]() The Free PDF Editor often only opens the PDFs that it creates all other files may lead to the application crashing. However, if your try opening another PDF created from another application, you will face some difficulty. After you’ve completed the document, simply click on save and share the PDF with others. Once that’s done, all you have to do is drag them around and resize them according to your preference. You can use your mouse to drop these elements onto the surface of the page. These elements include options like text, shapes, images, and more. You can start by creating a document and then insert different elements. However, when it comes to its interface, the design looks like an old Windows application. Once you complete the download for Free PDF Editor, you get access to a simple application that is easy to use. As an added benefit, you can easily take the application along with you on a USB disk. Instead, you can directly run the executable file and get started with the application. This means that once you download the application, you don’t need to install it on your Windows computer. ![]() One of the best parts about downloading Free PDF Editor is that it is portable. After subscription, just sign in with your Foxit account and the advanced features will be available.Is the Free PDF Editor app easy to install? To activate the advanced features when the free trial expires, you should subscribe to Foxit PDF Reader Mobile. You can have a 7-day free trial for the advanced features. The features marked with the asterisk (*) are advanced features based on subscription through in-app purchase. Protect PDF information with redaction*.Protect PDF files with password and Microsoft Information Protection*.Sign PDF documents with an existing digital certificate*.Submit PDF forms via HTTP, FTP, or Email.Add and edit text and image objects in PDFs*.Convert PDFs to Microsoft Office, image, text, or HTML files*.Scan and convert paper documents to PDFs.Create PDFs from Microsoft Office, image, text, and HTML files*.Save, synchronize and access PDF files in popular cloud services (Google Drive, OneDrive, etc.).Share multiple files across your desktop and Android device via Wi-Fi.Share PDF files and screenshots from within the application.Add annotations and stamps to PDF files.Rename, move, copy or delete PDF file(s).Supports tabbed document interface (for tablet only).Search for text within your PDF document.Easy document navigation with bookmark management features.What Foxit PDF Reader Mobile can offer to you: Multi-Language: 12 languages to meet the demand of worldwide customers. Secure: powerful file protection features to safeguard sensitive information against unauthorized access.Ĭollaborative: full control of your content. Lightweight: doesn’t exhaust your device resources. Reliable: 100% compliant with your current PDF ecosystem. ![]() The free edition Foxit PDF Reader Mobile also offers advanced features based on subscription, including export PDF, edit PDF, and protect PDF, etc.įoxit PDF Reader Mobile provides you with the following capabilities: Unlike other PDF readers, this app comes with ConnectedPDF, a leading edge technology that powers document intelligence, security, and collaboration services for PDF files. This is an easy-to-use PDF reader which allows you to view and annotate PDF files on Android devices while on the go. Want a free PDF reader? Try Foxit PDF Reader Mobile. ![]()
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![]() ![]() ![]() This will help to reduce the amount of asbestos fiber that you could potentially inhale. Always ensure that the area you’re working in is properly ventilated.Here are a few of the most important precautions to take when you’re working with blue asbestos or any other form of the mineral: Furthermore, it’s important to take steps to ensure that you do not accidentally ingest any fibers. In order to work with blue asbestos safely, it will be important to wear a respirator at all times, which effectively filters out the hazardous fibers. How Can You Work With Blue Asbestos Safely? That’s because its potential health risks have been recognized in recent years, and asbestos is used less much frequently in construction. However, most blue asbestos originates from southern Africa, but there’s less of it being mined currently. While the mineral is primarily found in southern Africa, Bolivia, and Australia, small concentrations of it are found elsewhere in the world. However, it’s important to note that this mineral is much more likely to create toxic dust when it’s being removed from your home than when it’s being installed. This can appear many years after an individual was exposed to this extremely hazardous mineral. Not only can blue asbestos cause damage to the lungs, but it can even cause lung cancer. Here are some of the potential effects of chronic asbestos exposure: Not only that, but the condition has been documented since ancient times. While asbestos has numerous potential uses, it can cause serious damage to the lungs, which is called asbestosis. Many experts feel that this mineral is the most dangerous in the world. ![]() ![]() ![]() complete_statement ( "SELECT foo FROM bar " ) True > sqlite3. Raises an auditing event nnect/handle with argument connection_handle. Raises an auditing event nnect with argument database. The query string allows passing parameters to SQLite,Įnabling various How to work with SQLite URIs. Uri ( bool) – If set to True, database is interpreted as aĪnd the path can be relative or absolute. Should internally cache for this connection, to avoid parsing overhead. Write operations may need to be serialized by the userįactory ( Connection) – A custom subclass of Connection to create the connection with,Ĭached_statements ( int) – The number of statements that sqlite3 If False, the connection may be accessed in multiple threads If the database connection is used by a thread Or None to disable opening transactions implicitly.Ĭheck_same_thread ( bool) – If True (default), ProgrammingError will be raised Isolation_level ( str | None) – The isolation_level of the connection,Ĭontrolling whether and how transactions are implicitly opened.Ĭan be "DEFERRED" (default), "EXCLUSIVE" or "IMMEDIATE" Types cannot be detected for generated fields (for example max(data)),Įven when the detect_types parameter is set str will beīy default ( 0), type detection is disabled. Set it to any combination (using |, bitwise or) ofĬolumn names takes precedence over declared types if both flags are set. Using the converters registered with register_converter(). That table will be locked until the transaction is committed.ĭetect_types ( int) – Control whether and how data types notĪre looked up to be converted to Python types, If another connection opens a transaction to modify a table, Timeout ( float) – How many seconds the connection should wait before raisingĪn OperationalError when a table is locked. ![]() Pass ":memory:" to open a connection to a database that is Parametersĭatabase ( path-like object) – The path to the database file to be opened. connect ( database, timeout = 5.0, detect_types = 0, isolation_level = 'DEFERRED', check_same_thread = True, factory = sqlite3.Connection, cached_statements = 100, uri = False ) ¶ How to use the connection context managerĮxplanation for in-depth background on transaction control. How to convert SQLite values to custom Python types How to adapt custom Python types to SQLite values How to use placeholders to bind values in SQL queries ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() By using the Head Football LaLiga 2021 Mod APK, you can easily complete any tasks and requirements in it. Head Football LaLiga 2021 Mod APK is the PRO version of Head Football LaLiga 2021 APK. Head Football LaLiga 2021 Mod APK Free Download Next is a detailed introduction about Head Football LaLiga 2021 Mod APK v7.1.19. In apkmody you can download Head Football LaLiga 2021 Mod APK v7.1.19 for free. ![]() SAP de Madrid de 20 de mayo de 2022 (D&D DREAM CORP v.If you want to download the latest version of Head Football LaLiga 2021 APK, then you must come to apkmody. The trademark “LA LIGA HEAD SOCCER” owned by LALIGA is declared null, and the OEPM is ordered to cancel the corresponding registration. Therefore, it is considered that LALIGA applied for registration of the earlier mark knowing that DREAM was using the sign to identify its digital game, which could have prevented the subsequent registration of the sign by the plaintiff and, therefore, acting in bad faith in accordance with art. The second reason was the bad faith of LALIGA in the registration of its sign, since being an entity dedicated to the world of football, and knowing the field of computer applications, it could not ignore the plaintiff’s sign, being implausible that it would spontaneously decide to use the word “SOCCER”, which is not even used at European level. This was considered proven due to various motives, such as the fact that they shared an identical word, that they were figuratively almost identical, but, above all, due to the fact that LALIGA opposed to the registration of the EU trade mark “HEAD SOCCER” by DREAM, in June 2019, precisely because of the risk of confusion with its earlier national trade mark “LA LIGA HEAD SOCCER”. The first one was the assessment of the risk of confusion or association between the signs. This conclusion was reached for two reasons. ![]() In this case, the appeal was upheld, repealing the Commercial Court’s decision. On the basis of the above decision, DREAM appealed to the Audiencia Provincial de Madrid. This was upheld by the lack of proof of notoriety of the sign “HEAD SOCCER” on the date of LALIGA’s application, as well as by the lack of risk of confusion between the figurative sign “LA LIGA HEAD SOCCER” and the word sign “HEAD SOCCER”. In response to this claim, the Commercial Court rejected the plaintiff’s claims, both on relative invalidity causes under articles 6.2 d) and 52, and on absolute invalidity causes under article 51.1 b) LM. In this situation, DREAM filed a complaint against LALIGA, requesting the nullity of the Spanish trademark, by virtue of articles 6.2 d), 51.1 b) and 52 of the Ley 17/2001, de 7 de diciembre, de Marcas (hereinafter LM). LALIGA opposed to this registration, claiming risk of confusion with its national trade mark. On October 23 rd of the same year, DREAM applied for registration of the European trade mark with the word mark “HEAD SOCCER” to the EUIPO. Trade mark Nº 3 686 122 was granted in the absence of opposition. For its part, LA LIGA NACIONAL DE FUTBOL PRFESIONAL (hereinafter LALIGA), applied on October de 9 th of 2017 for registration to the OEPM of the figurative mark “LA LIGA HEAD SOCCER”, for goods in class 9, including “computer game software for use on mobile phones and mobile phones”. D&D DREAM CORP (‘DREAM’) launched a digital game called ‘HEAD SOCCER’ in 2012. ![]() ![]() ![]() Honda kicks off the lineup with the best value of the bunch, the EX, which costs $39,215 including a $1,375 destination fee. How much does the 2024 Honda Odyssey cost? active lane control, and blind-spot monitors. Even the base EX gets automatic emergency braking, adaptive cruise control. Honda equips the Odyssey with key safety features across the lineup, and the NHTSA and IIHS award top crash-test scores. That said, the Odyssey is smooth, quiet, and comfortable. Front-wheel drive is the only configuration, and the fuel economy rating of 22 mpg combined falls far short of more modern rivals. The Odyssey comes with a basic 3.5-liter V-6 engine and 10-speed automatic transmission across the lineup. ![]() It can squeeze a trio of child safety seats across, and the seats slide forward, back, to the side, or you can remove them entirely for various configurations. The Odyssey seats eight passengers and doesn’t offer the second-row captain’s chair option found in rivals, or in three-row SUVs, for that matter, but the second-row bench here has charm of its own. It’s no more glam than rival minivans, but it’s arguably among the most practical in terms of layout. Honda’s gift for optimizing interior space is at its very best here, with clever storage tucked in the door pockets, consoles, seat backs, side panels, and beneath the load floor. The exterior doesn’t tell the Odyssey’s story, however. In Sport trim, the 19-inch wheels and other styling elements get the blackout treatment. Honda fits the Odyssey with LED headlights and stacked fog lights that highlight a modern-styled front end. The lineup still consists of EX, EX-L, blacked-out Sport, comfortable Touring, and loaded Elite trims for this year. The Odyssey carries over unchanged for 2024, following some minor changes to the trim hierarchy last year. ![]() ![]() ![]() We use this information exclusively to analyze user experience and trends, to administer the site, to track user movements around the site as a whole to improve the services provided. Examples of information we automatically collect and analyze include Internet Protocol (IP) address, Internet service providers (ISP), computer/device and connection information such as operating system and platform, browser type and version, location and time zone information, website navigation information, projects data on the projects that you’ve created using Planner 5D, google analytics. Information that we collect automatically from your use of our services: certain information about users can be gathered automatically and stored inside log files. Information that you give us: for example, this is the information necessary for you to sign up to your Planner 5D account, such as your user name and e-mail address or your social media login information if you wish to sign up using your social media account (as outlined above), this information may also include your photo if you wish to upload it to your Planner 5D account if you wish to send us a request or any other communication, we will ask for your e-mail address to get back to you with response note that you can always choose not to provide information to Planner 5D online, even though it might be needed to create your user account, to make a purchase or to benefit from any other features we have Here are the ways of how we collect your information: By registering and/or submitting your personal information to Planner 5D, you are also agreeing to the use of this information in accordance with this Privacy Policy. If you chose to register or login to your Planner 5D account using a third-party single sign-in service that authenticates your identity and connects your social media login information with us, we will collect any information or content needed for the registration or log-in that you have permitted your social media provider to share with us, such as your name and e-mail address. If you want to take full advantage from using your Planner 5D account, we may also ask you to upload your photo in your Planner 5D account. 17, Vilnius, Lithuania, 10312.ĭepending on the services of Planner 5D that you want to use (for example, those which require signing up for Planner 5D account), we may ask you to provide your name and e-mail address. If you have any questions, concerns or suggestions about the use by Planner 5D of your personal data or if any of the provisions of this Privacy Policy is unclear to you, please contact us via e-mail at or by post at Antakalnio St. This Privacy Policy is a legal part of the Terms of Service of the Planner 5D. Please carefully read this Privacy Policy before using our services. This Privacy Policy applies to all of the services offered by Planner 5D and our affiliates. It also outlines the rights you have and control you can exercise in relation to it. This notice describes our privacy policy (the “Privacy Policy”) and explains how we collect, use, share and protect your personal information obtained by us. We are committed to appropriate protection and use of personal information collected by us. The security of your personal data is very important to us. 17, Vilnius, Lithuania, 10312, and its affiliates. The term “Planner 5D”,” we”, “our”, “us” refers to Planner5D, UAB, a legal entity incorporated and existing under the laws of Lithuania with its registered address at Antakalnio St. Its user community is enormous and you can share your own designs as well as enjoy the ones posted by other users.Planner 5D is an online service, which helps you to create detailed home plans & modern interior design without professional knowledge, available on multiple platforms (including web, iOS, Android, MAC OS, Windows). ![]() Planner 5D is an excellent interior decorating app to help you create the designs you want even when you have no prior knowledge on the subject. Though some objects cost money to use, the vast majority are available for free. You have furniture of all kinds divided into categories that make it possible to design the home of your dreams. In addition to orienting the interior spaces in a super simple way, decorating your home is equally easy. You set the size of your design and the different rooms that it will include as desired. ![]() You can opt at any time to view your design in 2D or 3D – switching views involves a simple tap to the screen. This highly useful tool gives you the opportunity to create and professionally decorate a home in quite a simple way.īuilding blueprints in Planner 5D is quite easy thanks to its intuitive interface. Planner 5D is an app to design a home from scratch. ![]() ![]() With that in mind, I’m expecting Spartacus to have a greater emphasis on back catalogue, hopefully PS3 and PS2 games being playable via the service. Sales of every first-party game in India have stayed strong, with the sole exception of Returnal that was discounted pre-release. 4,999/$70 strategy at least from an India perspective. I’d be pleasantly surprised if one of the tiers on offer allows for this, but right now, it appears that there are enough buyers for Sony’s Rs. While the Bloomberg report claims that Spartacus has a “splashy lineup of hit games” and will merge PlayStation Now with PlayStation Plus, it’s unlikely that brand new games from Sony’s first-party studios like the upcoming God of War Ragnarok would be available on the service from day one. Ĭontent is king and Microsoft has the crown It also helps that PS5 sales beat out Xbox Series X|S by 10:1 in India. Though I disagree given how big a problem that was even before Spartacus was rumoured. In fact they went as far as to say that the mass banning of PSN accounts was to clean up its distribution channels for the impending launch by cutting off rogue retailers. Those familiar with the company’s plans speaking to me on condition of anonymity claim more of the same. It’s this deep focus on distribution that keeps Sony exceptionally relevant in markets like India. Last generation saw around 70 percent of all PS4s connect to the Internet in India with users creating accounts on PSN, now the number sits at over 90 percent for the PS5 claim several industry sources speaking to me on condition of anonymity fearing retribution. What does this mean for Spartacus? Well, if Sony does what it did for PlayStation Plus and PlayStation Store wallet top-ups, making Spartacus widely available across its wide retail network, that’s quite likely all it needs to do. Most of these payments are done via cash or UPI. 80 to 120 million) per quarter since the pandemic according to multiple sources. This severely limits Microsoft’s reach and given that the rumoured Xbox Game Pass subscriptions for retail hasn't hit yet, it’s safe to say the company is missing a trick or two when it comes to distribution and payments.Īnd it's not like there isn't any merit to this - the sale of digital subscriptions, top ups, and currencies (PS Store top ups, COD Points, and Apex Legends Coins to name a few) at retail average between Rs. The payment options are restricted to these two and you can't buy an Xbox Game Pass subscription at retail like you can with PlayStation Plus and PS Store top up cards. ![]() If you don't have a credit or debit card that works on the Microsoft Store, you're out of luck. ![]() This was well before Sony decided to take distribution seriously, showing how far ahead Valve was thinking at that point. You can even buy Steam wallet top-ups with cash. ![]() ![]() Right now, there are those that want to buy into Microsoft’s Netflix for video games offering, but can’t because their debit cards aren’t supported on Microsoft’s site or that they’re limited to debit or credit cards rather than the plethora of options available with for every other storefront.Īside from Sony making its PlayStation Store wallet top-ups available through Amazon, Flipkart and a legion of offline stores too, allowing you to pay in cash, UPI, or whatever you please. When you consider how something potentially as mainstream as Game Pass is, it needs to be available everywhere with every payment option that matters. ![]() ![]() I think audiences now, more than ever, want to know the truth, they want to understand it, and they look to us for answers. This has always been something we have had to grapple with - to connect the viewer to the places and the animals we film in a way that cannot fail to create affinity and empathy, while at the same time exploring the harder truths in a way that does not make people want to turn away, or leave them feeling helpless. How do you maintain a balance between due concern and wide-eyed wonder? He was passionate about the stories we needed to tell and wanted to be part of the show from the outset. At 97, he still possesses a unique ability to immediately captivate the viewer with his presence and his words. David was able to bring the wisdom, enthusiasm, knowledge and, in places, the fun we needed for this series. ![]() What was it like to work with David Attenborough again? Both David and I said it was truly magical and it gave me hope that if we can protect and restore and allow nature to work its miracles, then future generations will be able experience that magic for many years to come. The meadow was alive with bees and insects, grasshoppers were singing out their melodies all around us and there was an abundance of butterflies floating on the warm air. It was the very meadow that Charles Darwin used to observe and explore while he ruminated on his theories about the natural world and evolution. Our final day of filming for the series was with David in a quintessential English flower meadow on a sunny late summer's day. My answer might surprise you because it doesn’t involve a remote location or an exotic species. It’s full of surprise and wonder but seen from a new perspective.ĭid you have any unique wildlife encounters during filming for this series? Planet Earth III is about the resilience and adaptability of nature, and the remarkable animals that are changing their lives to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing world dominated more than ever by a powerful force: us. Planet Earth II was about connecting the viewer intimately with the animals, to be alongside them, experiencing their triumphs and their struggles. The first series of Planet Earth was about witnessing the wonderful spectacle and awe-inspiring beauty of our planet and taking the viewer to the last remaining areas of wilderness that were still untouched by humanity. How does Planet Earth III build upon the previous series of Planet Earth? In 2022 he turned his attention to the world of plants in The Green Planet, and the world of dinosaurs with Prehistoric Planet. Mike’s recent series include the record-breaking Planet Earth II, winner of four BAFTAs and two Emmys, followed by the ground-breaking animal behaviour series Dynasties. Within this role, Mike works as an executive producer on titles for the BBC, Apple, NBC, and Nat Geo/Disney+, and is responsible for bringing new and pioneering stories about the natural world to global audiences. Mike Gunton is the Creative Director of Factual and The Natural History Unit for BBC Studios. Planet Earth III will begin on BBC One and BBC iPlayer on Sunday 22 October from 6.15pm Watch the trailer These changes have been felt across every ecosystem and by the countless creatures that we share this planet with.*ĪT2 When is Planet Earth III on TV and BBC iPlayer? ![]() We’ve reached a critical point in our planet’s history and the natural world has changed more over the past few decades than ever previously observed in our human history. ![]() Nearly two decades since the original series of Planet Earth aired on BBC One, we see how science and technology has advanced, but also how our planet has changed. Lightweight drones, high-speed cameras and remotely operated deep-sea submersibles transport viewers to spectacular unseen landscapes, from remote jungle to scorching deserts, and from the darkest caves to the depths of the ocean. Journeying to the far reaches of our planet, this eight part series follows some of the world’s most amazing species, telling extraordinary stories that are dramatic, thrilling, funny and sometimes heart-breaking, but always full of hope.įilmed over the course of nearly five years, the new series uses pioneering filmmaking technology to reveal the greatest wonders of life on earth. ![]() Sir David Attenborough presents Planet Earth III, a brand new Natural History series for BBC One and iPlayer. ![]() ![]() He bought the 91 Club from McAfee in 1941, and Griffith's Hotel Last Frontier was built there in 1942. ![]() Griffith liked that the 91 Club site was further south on Highway 91, so travelers from Southern California would see it before the El Rancho. Griffith as the future site of his Hotel Last Frontier. Although it would not outlast the Red Rooster, the 91 Club would evolve into the second casino resort on the fledging Las Vegas Strip, when it was selected by R. The El Rancho hotel, considered the Strip's first casino resort, debuted in 1941, about a mile closer to downtown than the 91 Club. When he opened his new place in 1939, he renamed it the 91 Club, with an eye toward attracting wealthy Southern Californians with its lavish interior, a house orchestra and cheap, multiple-course steak dinners, along with casino gaming. McAfee refurbished the Pair-O-Dice with a fancier décor, based on the Sunset Strip's Hollywood-style clubs. Most historians consider McAfee the first person to refer to the highway as "The Strip," after figuring that a line of nightclubs would form there, similar to the clubs he had owned frequented along the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. In the 1920s and 1930s, McAfee ran nightclubs in western Los Angeles. McAfee had been a vice squad captain for the Los Angeles police department about twenty years earlier. In 1938, the Detras agreed to sell the Pair-O-Dice to a recent arrival from California, Guy McAfee. The new infusion of visitor cash into Las Vegas in the 1930s permitted business people to invest into new clubs and hotels. Other factors that added visitors at the time were the unique attraction of gaming (back then, Nevada was the only state to permit casino gambling), Nevada's easy-divorce law (passed in 1931) and the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Approximately 230,000 people visited Las Vegas in 1933, and 300,000 in 1934, all thanks mainly to the gigantic dam project that took place thirty-five miles south of town. Much of the business growth in Las Vegas in the 1930s, although modest compared to the 1940s, can be attributed to the popularity of the Hoover Dam project. It featured gaming, live orchestras, singers, dancing, and Italian food. Throughout most of the 1930s, the Pair-O-Dice was the more successful of the two clubs. But unlike the Red Rooster, the Pair-O-Dice was not raided by federal agents. government, which threatened to close it down because of their illegal alcohol sales. Detra himself was said to have woven the linens used by the restaurant.ĭetra's club encountered problems with the U.S. Inside, the décor included art deco ashtrays, and lamps with dice and playing card patterns. The Pair-O-Dice's facade included Spanish-style archways and a two-story, octagonal-shaped entrance with a round, ceramic tiled roof. Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, the county permitted the club to serve beer. Weeks later, the club was opened to the public. Klawitter, a license to run a roulette table, a craps table, and a blackjack table. On May 5, 1931, the county issued the Pair-O-Dice's manager, Oscar E. The Red Rooster had opened a year after the Pair-O-Dice, a mile farther south on Highway 91, becoming the first club in the area seen by passing motorists. The Pair-O-Dice applied for a casino license, but first the county issued one to a competing nightclub, the Red Rooster, on April 1, 1931. One of the earliest clubs outside of downtown, licensed in April 1931, was The Meadows, on Boulder Highway, a couple of miles south of Las Vegas. Most of the gaming applicants came from establishments that had offered legal poker games on Fremont Street downtown, such as the Las Vegas Club, Boulder Club, and Northern Club. ![]() As with some other clubs in the Las Vegas area at the time, the Pair-O-Dice was a "speakeasy" that offered alcoholic beverages (illegal during Prohibition) as well as illegal gambling.Īfter Nevada approved legalized casino gaming in March 1931, the city of Las Vegas and Clark County set up licensing procedures for casino games. ![]() In 1930, local residents Frank Detra and his wife Angelina purchased land on Highway 91 (also known then as the Los Angeles Highway) and launched the Pair-O-Dice as a private nightclub later that year. The first nightclub on the highway was the Pair-O-Dice Club. Owners of these early highway casinos, outside the city limits, sought to attract motorists before they arrived downtown. In the early 1930s, as the popularity of nightclubs grew in downtown Las Vegas, two casino-nightclubs were built several miles outside of downtown on Highway 91, a site that would later become the Las Vegas Strip. ![]() ![]() ![]() The role of such groups is crucial in abrogating the artificial divide between public, state, and private structures. ![]() ![]() Both the Atlantik-Brücke and ACG thus operate as “hinge groups” that bring together elites from various sectors of society. The current board of the Atlantik-Brücke is made up of politicians from the Social Democrats (SPD), Christian Democrats (CDU), the Green Party, and the Free Democrats as well as representatives from multinational corporations and the German Trade Union Confederation. The Atlantik-Brücke in particular brought together employers and trade unions, as well as politicians, diplomats, former military officers, and media officials. The Atlantik-Brücke (Atlantic Bridge) and the ACG are both vital organs of transatlantic elite networking and coordination, although both played an important integrating function in domestic affairs in each country as well. My book focuses on the history of the Atlantik-Brücke and its US sister organization, the American Council on Germany (ACG), during the period from 1949 to 1974. She sat down with Colin Adams to discuss why the German-US partnership was anything but a natural development - and examines the role these organizations play in German and American politics today. Historian Anne Zetsche’s recent book, The Atlantik-Brücke and the American Council on Germany, 1952–1974, critically examines the political influence of both organizations in the first decades following World War II. Two important (and complementary) private organizations that played a key role in its development are the Atlantik-Brücke in Germany and the American Council on Germany in the United States. This postwar alliance was facilitated by a number of public and private institutions in both countries. It was not until Nazi Germany’s capitulation in 1945 and the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 that a true alliance between Germany and the United States was formed. Despite a history of mass German migration to the United States from the 1840s and the close cultural bond between the two countries, Germany and the United States were adversaries on the foreign policy front for decades. The two are also close partners in most international organizations, particularly NATO.īut that hasn’t always been the case. Despite Donald Trump’s threats to remove US military personnel from Germany, around forty thousand troops remain in the country. Aside from Germany’s refusal to join the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, (West) German support for US foreign policy has been practically nonnegotiable since 1945. Germany’s NATO membership and its close foreign policy cooperation with the United States today seem almost like natural developments. ![]() |
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